EOTO #4: Journalism Heros

 I have always been fascinated by women in journalism and how they were able to make a name for themselves. Since it was a male dominated profession its extra impressive when a woman was able to break her way into the industry. Marlene Sanders did exactly that. 

Sanders has paved the way for women in broadcast journalism. She is the first network news woman to report from Vietnam, she is the first woman to anchor a  prime-time network newscast, and the first woman to become Vice President of a news division. 

Born on January 10 1931 Sanders originally wanted to be an actress. She went to the Theater on the Sea in Matunuck but didn't make it very far. In New York her acting career went nowhere but she was able to get close with one of the directors Mike Wallace the future producer of 60 minutes. 

In 1955 Sanders tried her luck in the news industry. She worked as an assistant to Ted Yates who was the producer of "Mike Wallace and the News". 

She became an associate producer when Yates gave Wallace a late night television program. She worked for Wallace on his late night show Nightbeats. 

She then started to move her way up and in 1960 became a writer and producer for Westinghouse Broadcasting News program. She then became assistant news director of WNEW radio in New York. 

This is where she started to do what she would become known for. Sanders started producing and writing documentaries which would turn into her specialty father down the road. 

She produced 20 documentaries for the radio station in her short time there. 

Sanders joined ABC in 1964 and covered a wide range of events such as the assignation of President Kennedy, the riots at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago in 1968, and the Vietnam war. 

She is considered the first woman news anchor when she took over one night for Ron Cochran in 1963. He had laryngitis and had to call out. This was the first time audiences saw a woman behind the news desk.

In 1966 Sanders flew to Vietnam and went into the towns to talk to local people. She covered everything about the war and became the first woman reporter to physically go to Vietnam for news.

She even had her own broadcast show for several years called "News With the Woman's Touch". It was a daily five minute afternoon news broadcast where she would briefly talk about the current events at the time. 

In 1970 she started producing documentaries for ABC about the issues occurring during the women's movement. Her most notable documentary is a profile on Sally Jane Priesand who is the first woman to be ordained as a Rabbi in America. 

Sanders was doing so well producing her documentaries that she was promoted in 1976. She became Vice President and director of documentaries at ABC making her the first woman to achieve a role this high up.

Sanders switched from ABC to CBS in 1978 and stayed for 10 years. She was a correspondent and producer for "CBS Reports" which she actually won three Emmys for. She was laid off from CBS in 1989 because of budget cuts. 

She notes this point in news as a time when "the boys are running it again" and only 20 years later says she finally saw a change.

Sanders then went on to become a journalism professor at NYU for 25 years where she taught advanced TV reporting after she retired from the news world. 

A quote that really sums up Sanders career is as follows, "I always said yes when anybody asked me 'Can you do that?' Even if I didn't have a clue what I was supposed to do, I would say, 'Yeah, I can do that."

Sanders completely broke down the wall and allowed for women to enter into the news industry. She was always concerned with the voice women had in the news industry and fought for a change in sexism. She thought the word "newsman" was outdated and rather they be called "news broadcaster" instead to be inclusive of the women breaking into the field. 

In her 1988 book titled "Waiting for Prime Time: The Women of Television News" she discusses the subject and status of women in the news profession. She co-wrote this book with Marcia Rock who is also a professor at NYU and is director of news and documentary at the university.

The book includes her reporting on women's rights protests and marches. She write about her experience and what happened when she was there. 

The two specifically mentioned are the 1970 Betty Friedans National Strike for Equality and The Hand that Rocks the Ballot Box in 1972.

Sanders will always be known as the woman who paved the way and allowed other women to enter the world of news. She was the first of so many things and will forever hold the title for being in the top 100 journalists according to NYU. 

Sanders passed away on July 14 2015 from a long battle with cancer. Her son, who is a writer for the New Yorker, made the announcement on twitter. Sanders has a legacy that will linger on for many years to come. She is too big of a sensation to be forgotten about. 

https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/black-feminist-pioneer-dorothy-pitman-hughes-dies-at-84/

https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/16/business/media/marlene-sanders-pathbreaking-tv-journalist-dies-at-84.html

http://www.shesbeautifulwhenshesangry.com/marlene-sanders

https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/marlene-sanders-television-journalist-dies-at-84/2015/07/16/af9eea2c-2bce-11e5-a250-42bd812efc09_story.html

https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-marlene-sanders-20150715-story.html

https://www.veteranfeministsofamerica.org/legacy/Marlene_Sanders.htm

"Good Night and Good Luck"

"Good Night and Good Luck" directed by George Clooney raised a lot of questions about the relationship between the government and the press. In the movie, we see the effects of McCarthyism and how it changed the face of America for almost a decade. When the movie came out in 2005 it was as relevant as it is today. 

McCarthyism, also known as the Red Scare, in simple terms was publicizing accusations of a person who was thought to be a communist. 

Senator Joseph McCarthy was the main figure enforcing these accusations and telling people what signs to look for in order to see if a person was a communist. 

The movie dives into how McCarthy was effecting the lives of people by having a specific list of qualities to look for. We also get to see how Edward "Ed" Murrow was able to expose and take him down.

Murrow was a journalist and television and radio figure who worked for CBS. He started making a name for himself when he had a radio show where he talked about WWII and shared very detailed reports. 

His show See It Now was what eventually led to the censure of Senator Joseph McCarthy. He thought McCarthy shouldn't be able to intimidate Americans without someone challenging his views. 

The first show that lead to this feud was the episode were Murrow explained the story of Milo Radulovich, who was a lieutenant for the US Air Force.  He was dismissed from the Air Force for having communist ideologies, yet there was no evidence to prove that. Murrow said on his show, "was it hearsay, rumor, gossip, slander, or was it hard ascertainable fact that could be backed by credible witnesses? We do not know."

The senator didn't like these conversations Murrow was having and wanted to put an end to it fast. Murrow then learned that he was on McCarthy's attack list after he had been doing the show for some time. He had obscure reasons to why he thought Murrow was a communist and used it against him and publicized it. 

Murrow decided to fire back and started reporting on McCarthy's tactics he was using to determine if a person was a communist. He did this without condemning or slandering him which made it hard for the government to shut the show down. 

The two went back and forth until eventually there was nothing else for McCarthy to say and he had to back off. The public opinion changed against McCarthy to which he demanded a chance to respond to Murrow to give an explanation.

The movie showcases the relationship between the government and the press at the time. One scene in the movie showed two military soldiers in the office of the President of CBS. They were giving him a warning if he kept Murrow show running because he was in a way insulting the US government. 

Using this intimidation method is a form of censoring the press and scaring them into not reporting the topics the government wanted to keep a secret. 

The government had control over the media and Murrow was going against that. He was a threat in the governments eyes and they wanted to shut him down, since he would keep bringing up the subject of the senator and McCarthyism. 

Journalists were scared during this time. They were being told left and right what was okay to print and what wasn't. They were getting threats from the government as well as from regular viewers. 

This era of McCarthyism made it impossible to print the truth about the government and expose the higher ups and tell the people what was really going on. 

This isn't the first time the government has tried to censor the press and it is in fact still happening today as we speak. 

The biggest example today is the war in Ukraine. It's very rare to see an article updating Americans about the progress being made in Ukraine. Journalists and reporters aren't even in Ukraine to give information back because the government doesn't want anyone to know what they are actually doing over there. 

The New York Times says there is a new Red Scare happening right now. The ongoing conflict between America and China is very similar to the Red Scare era. There is a fear running across America that China is going to take over. It's the same idea McCathy had and that same fear that something foreign is going to take over the US. 

The split between political parties can also fall under this idea of McCarthyism. Republicans and Democrats don't like each other. You can get called out on social media and essentially "canceled" if you have different opinions on the matter. 

It's a toxic thing but this is how America is at the moment. There are very strong supporters for both Trump and Biden and it can get very scary if you disagree with either side. You can get called names and have your words twisted. People really have to watch what they say nowadays because it's so easy to offend someone. 

It's really hard to voice your opinion without having people leave hate comments or threaten you because of the beliefs you have. This is awfully close to what was going on during the Red Scare and how they were seeing how patriotic people were. If you didn't have an American flag on your front porch that was a sign that you could be a communist. 

It's the same exact thing today. 

Journalists and reporters have stopped trying to expose the government and instead have succumbed to their threats and promises. People like Murrow will be silenced or thrown in jail just because of the fact that they want to expose the governments secrets. 

It's scary how much we don't know about the government and what they are doing behind closed doors. The next generation of reporters have to follow after Murrow and find out what's really going on with our country. 

https://billofrightsinstitute.org/activities/edward-r-murrow-handout-a-narrative

https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2015/mar/30/ggod-night-and-good-luck-george-clooney-edward-murrow-reel-history

https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Edward_R._Murrow

EOTO #3: Reaction "Gotcha" Journalism

 "Gotcha" journalism is a tactic described as methods used to trap the interviewee into making statements that damage or discredit their character. That is the simple definition but there is nothing simple about using this method. 

Gotcha Journalism can be traced back to the 1930's but it wasn't until the 1980's when journalist Paul Taylor went off the script. He had asked Gary Hart if he had ever committed adultery before. 

A question this personal had never been asked in an interview setting creating Taylor to be the precedent of "Gotcha" journalism. 

A gotcha question has to do two things The first is to be an accusatory question. The second is to undercut the persons character and put them in a tough position. 

There have been many advances in the world of gotcha journalism. With new technology there are more and more ways to catch someone in a bad light. Hidden cameras have become a popular method. Reporters will bug the room with them and then ask gotcha questions and hope to catch the interviewee slip up to later leak to the public. 

This can also be a method of whistleblowing because the reporter exposed something that was supposed to be private or "off the record". 

"Ambush" journalism is very similar to "gotcha" journalism in the sense that the interviewee cant escape. This type of journalism means ambushing someone where they least expect to get interviewed and sort of trapping them in the moment to answer questions. We see this a lot with celebrities and politicians. 

News reporters can run up to them in any setting and have the cameras rolling while spit firing questions at the person. This can cause the person to become flustered and maybe reveal something that wasn't supposed to be shared with the public. 

Another popular example of "gotcha" journalism is when President Bush was asked about cocaine use. Either way the interviewee answers the question they are immediately put in a lose- lose situation. 

If they answer the question truthfully, then they are revealing their scandalous details about their life. On the other hand if they don't answer people assume they are up to no good and hiding something which is not an insane thing to believe. 

"Gotcha" journalism is a good tactic for reporters but where do we draw the line. The types of gotcha journalism ranges from leaked documents to body camera footage to undercover journalists. There are so many ways for reporters to squeeze information out of the person under the microscope. 

"Gotcha" journalism can be a good and bad thing. It can reveal the truth and uncover the secrets a political or celebrity may be keeping, but it can also ruin someones reputation. 

https://www.npr.org/2015/11/10/453978299/gotcha-cant-politicians-handle-tough-questions

https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/in-the-loop/wp/2015/02/24/a-brief-history-of-the-gotcha-question/

EOTO #3: Celebrity Journalism

 Celebrity gossip is something that reaches the mouths of every individual in America. It's a known fact that it's irresistible to not talk about. I myself find it interesting to talk about celebrities and the drama that may revolve around their lives. If we think back to the beginning of celebrity gossip, its very different from where it is today.

I think we can trace celebrity gossip back to the first interview with a potential celebrity. The first interview with a president was back when John Quincy Adams was in office. He was interviewed by Anne Newport Royall, who is considered to be the first female journalist, about his plans for his term. 

He at first refused to meet with her because he heard she was a woman reporter and didn't think she could handle interviewing a president. 

When he refused to meet with her she overheard that he liked to swim in the river in the morning without clothes on. Royall went over to the White House and waited for him to go swim in the river and then trapped him when he was in the water and sat on his clothes. She didn't leave until he answered her questions. This was in 1817. 

We can go back even further into the late 1700's in London. There was a writer named James Boswell who wrote over 70 columns under the title "The Hypochondriac" that were published in London Magazine from 1777-1783. This was a gossip column about town news and public happenings that were going around. He even wrote about public hangings in the town to keep people informed.

During the Regency era newspapers and pamphlets were dedicating sections to local gossip and juicy stories going around. The hit Netflix show "Bridgerton" represents this in a very real way. There was a weekly pamphlet on the show that had everyones drama printed in it for the whole town to read like a fiction book; except it was actually peoples lives and their business. 

A popular magazine published in 1893 called The Sketch magazine would publish articles about gossip around the royal family and high class members of society. This was the start of gossip in print over in England but not yet in America.

 The start of American gossip doesn't come until 1911 when the first gossip magazine was published. Photoplay was a magazine filled with articles about the inside lives of celebrities. 

The word celebrity was changing in America at this time. It went from politicians and soldiers to actors and baseball players. No one wanted to read about soldiers after war anymore but rather if Marylin Monroe was using a specific makeup brand. Photoplay was filled with articles to this nature.

It was the first magazine to be exclusively celebrity-based news. This was also the start of interviewers asking celebrities about their personal lives. It was always impolite to bombard someone about what was going on in their regular, day to day life. 

When celebrity magazines came out people just wanted to know what they were like when they weren't acting. Fanbases grew from magazines like this because they felt more connected to the celebrity by learning what foods they eat in the morning and how they prefer to line up their records. 

Radio and TV also contributed to this majorly. Since these two inventions made it easy to view shows and movies there were more and more stars that were emerging. People became fans because they always saw this person acting on TV. It became a thing where celebrities were more than just people they were like heroes. With film came publicity. 

Today there are so many different ways we can find out about celebrity gossip. The most popular that can be found in almost any grocery store, gas station, or hair salon is People magazine. The first issue was published in 1974 and has been reporting on the lives of celebrities ever since. 

People magazine averaged around 80 million readers in 2022 at their highest. 

Other tabloids have since emerged and even different forms. There are TV shows such as "Access Hollywood" and "Entertainment Tonight" that also report and talk exclusively about drama in the world of celebrities. 

Social media today has had a huge impact on the limits people have with celebrates. You can now interact with your favorite singer by leaving a comment on their Instagram and tagging them in a Tik Tok video. 

We have a lot more interaction now than we did back in 1911 by reading a Photoplay magazine. Our media has been infiltrated by celebrity gossip news. It has taken over our social media in every way and has become a part of our lives. No person can go one day without hearing about something happening in Hollywood or about a new singer who just had a baby. 

Celebrity gossip is a good way to stay informed about our favorite stars but it gets to a point where we have to realize they are people too. It would be awful to find your secrets splashed across the front page of a magazine read by millions. 

Celebrity journalism has made its impact on the world and will now forever be apart of our everyday media. 

https://boundarystones.weta.org/2020/08/03/anne-royall-and-presidents-clothes

https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2016/jan/26/photoplay-magazine-hollywood-film-studios-stars-celebrity-culture

https://www.shondaland.com/inspire/shondaland-bridgerton-behind-the-scenes/a39576200/the-history-of-gossip-columns/

https://www.jstor.org/stable/25154085?seq=6

EOTO #2 Reflection: Nellie Bly

I really enjoyed listening to all the presentations this round. I was able to learn so much about so many different topics and can connect that to the whole timeline of media we are learning about. I was very impressed with everyones topics and the way they presented them. The presentation that really stuck out to me was the women reporters. I was able to learn about so many different women who contributed to the era of radio and made it into the innovation that it was. 

I was really interested to hear how all these different women were able to coin a piece of the radio and the press and make it their thing. I think its interesting to see how they were able to contribute to such a new and upcoming invention and what they did to get to that position. 

The one reporter that really stuck to me that we heard about was Nellie Bly (1854-1922). She was known for going on undercover investigations and exposing inside jobs. Her first job was at the Pittsburgh Dispatch after she wrote a letter to the editor. He liked it so much he offered her a job as a columnist.

However she didn't want to just write about women issues so she turned to exposing unfair working conditions in a factory she pretended to work at. She exposed the unfair wages, unsafe working conditions, and long hours that she experienced. Her boss got worried people would start getting upset with her column so he switched Bly to a society writer. 

In 1886, Bly was assigned a piece by the New York World about a mental asylum. It was an insiders scoop as to how the patients were being treated and what the conditions were inside the institution. She admitted herself to the hospital and acted crazy to be able to get into the place without any suspicious looks. It was called Ten Days in the Madhouse and was a six part series on her experiences. Her findings had shocked the public and quickly made her one of the most famous journalists to exist. 

Her style of reporting became a new sensation that many journalists after her would follow. They called it investigative journalism because of the very forward, hands-on approach she used. 

Bly also reach record heights in her career in 1889 when she traveled the world after being inspired by the book Around the World in 80 Days by Jules Verne. Bly took the trip and set the world record for completing it in 76 days. The New York World would publish updates about her travels daily and followed her story.

She didn't hold the record for long but it got her the recognition and advanced her credibility in her journalism career. Bly continued to expose the secrets that were hidden in New York City. Things like corruption of the government, employment, and the black market for buying a child.

Bly continued to report on major happenings in America up until she came into possession of her husbands iron clad oil company and American Steel Barrel Company. While in charge of the businesses she was able to paten many inventions relating to the oil company. A lot of these inventions are still in use today and have improved the quality of oil manufacturing. 

Bly also focused on the treatment of her employees. She made sure they were being paid and not overworked. She gave them healthcare benefits and facilities for them to use. Unfortunately, she ran out of funds and both of the businesses went under. 

In her later years, Bly returned to journalism and worked for the New York Evening Journal in 1911. She continued to cover major events such as WWI in Europe and the Women's Rights Movement. She was the first women to go to Europe and report from the trenches of the war. She was constantly putting herself right in the mix of an event. Bly is considered to be one of the best reporters America has ever seen and has really set the stage for what is expected of journalists today. 

https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/nellie-bly-0

https://wams.nyhistory.org/modernizing-america/modern-womanhood/nellie-bly/

EOTO #2: William Lloyd Garrison

 William Lloyd Garrison, born December 10, 1805 in Newburyport, Massachusetts, would grow up to be one of the main people to help in freeing the slaves. Garrison dedicated his entire life to the abolitionist movement and didn't rest until he saw change. He worked along side Frederick Douglass, Lucy Stone, and Wendell Philips.

Garrison grew up in a poor household. His dad, a sailor merchant, left his family when he was only age three. His mom wanted to provide the best she could so she sent Garrison away to live with a baptist deacon. 

Garrison spent five years with the deacon where he went through a very limited education. He was reunited with his mom and siblings when he was eight years old. 

Immediately after his return home Garrison started to look for work. He became an apprentice to a shoe maker and then a cabinet maker. Both of these jobs were too much for eight year old Garrison so he was forced to look for something else. 

When he was around 13 years old he was offered a job at a local newspaper. He was offered a writers and editors position at the Newburyport Herald which would last as a seven year apprenticeship. Having an editor only being 13 was very unorthodox but Ephraim P. Allen, printer of the paper, was very willing to give him a chance. 

After Garrison landed the Herald he continuously looked for other papers he could write for. He became obsessed with the topic of abolition and would only work for papers that centered around it. 

When he was 20 years old he bought The Newburyport Essex Courant and shortly after moved to Boston and became editor of the National Philanthropist, a newspaper that focused a lot of their stories on temperance and reform. 

Garrison created his most famous piece of work, The Liberator shortly after his move to Boston. The first issue came out on January 1, 1831 and would last for 35 years. It was an anti-slavery paper and would publish anything and everything to do with the issues of slavery. 

Garrison worked along with Issac Knapp and together they created this abolitionist paper. The Liberator was a weekly paper and never missed a single week when putting out the paper. They didn't have a wide audience, somewhere around 3,000 people, but the controversial articles they were publishing got the attention of a wide audience. He believed in non-violence and passive resistance to all slavery institutions. 

The Liberator was a very relevant paper during the civil war as well in which Garrison would publish articles persuading the North to secede before the war started to avoid a big fallout. When the war started Garrison stayed out and didn't support it until the Emancipation Proclamation. That was where he saw the change happening. 

Garrison was able to live long enough to witness the Emancipation and the 13th amendment come into effect. He was able to see what he worked for his entire life pay off. 

While running The Liberator he was also able to advocate another way. He founded two anti-slavery societies, New England Anti-Slavery Society and The American Anti-Slavery Society. 

Garrison is remembered for having a "fierce" opposition to slavery and for dedicating his life to be an abolitionist. He died on May 24, 1879 in Boston, Massachusetts. We remember him as one of the many leaders of the anti-slavery movement. 

https://www.hilbert.edu/social-justice-activists/william-lloyd-garrison

https://www.ushistory.org/us/28a.asp

https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/william-lloyd-garrison

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1561.html#:~:text=In%20the%20very%20first%20issue,.%22%20And%20Garrison%20was%20heard. 

https://www.nationalabolitionhalloffameandmuseum.org/william-lloyd-garrison.html

  

EOTO Reflection: Frederick Douglass and The North Star

 I have always loved listening to other students present their projects in class. I like listening to different subjects and what each group found interesting. I have been learning a lot about Frederick Douglass in a couple of my other classes and this presentation tied all of that information together. 

Douglass was a key figure in the anti-slavery era and was able to accomplish many things after he himself escaped the system. Originally from Maryland, Douglass was captured and became forced to be a slave for 20 years. He managed to escape and went up to New York City. He then went on to write an autobiography about his experience as a slave and then eventually establish The North Star.  

Founded on December 3, 1847 in New York, The North Star became the first antislavery newspaper. The newspaper printed every fact, document, story, etc about slavery and the antislavery movement.

He believed that if he had his own newspaper he could change the way black americans were going through life in America. He thought he could encourage and motivate them to fight back and to not let the white people make them scared.

The North Star also strongly supported women's rights. They had a motto that read, "RIGHT IS OF NO SEX--TRUTH IS OF NO COLOR--GOD IS THE FATHER OF US ALL, AND ALL WE ARE BRETHREN."

The paper ended in 1851 due to it not bringing in enough money for Douglass to keep in running. He merged the paper with the Liberty Party Paper which was run by Gerrit Smith, another avid abolitionist. 

Douglass also owned two additional newspapers that he started after he let The North Star go, Frederick Douglass' Paper (1851-1860) and New National Era (1870-1874). 

Douglass died a few years later on February 20, 1895 from a heart attack at age 77. He died at his home in Cedar Hill. He is currently buried at Mt. Hope Cemetery in Rochester, NY. 

They Won't Forget Reaction

 This movie was a lot crazier than I thought. Since it was a black and white film it gave the impression that it would be boring and educational. However, I was shocked at the outcome and actually really enjoyed watching it. I was drawn to the plot the entire time just waiting to see what would happen next. 

The movie had a lot of good points about the position of the press during major events such as a murder. The big thing for me was seeing the press actually work with the cops while they were investigating to be the first ones to get the inside story. That came as a surprise to me because it made the cops look corrupt and taking bribes from a journalist. 

I liked the message that it was trying to send. It was interesting to see the inner workings of what goes on when a crime is committed. I liked hearing all the banter and seeing the police trying to figure out who did it and with what evidence. The part that I didn't like was when the detectives stormed into Mrs. Hales house and took a picture on her nightstand and used it as evidence. Taking her personal property and giving out to the public was a major invasion of privacy. 

It also shows the power of the media and how it really influences the way people think. The reporters were trying to cause a frenzy. They would publish untrue things loosely based on actual facts to try and get people against Mr. Hale. This to me symbolized yellow journalism because they were only trying to attract more readers with their headlines, not necessarily print the truth. 

Overall I really enjoyed watching this movie. I have never seen a full black and white movie before and I think it was really cool to see the difference between movies then and now. I also liked how they really emphasized the purpose of the media and how they are able to get involved in town news and crank out stories about something as crazy as a murder. 

Why I Chose Journalism

I have always loved reading and writing. Even as a kid I was always more interested in English rather than math or science. My mom is a reading and writing teacher so I think she had something to do with it but I genuinely enjoy writing. 

I didn't know what I wanted to study in college until the week before moving in. I was going back and forth and then finally landed on journalism. I got into reading books over the summer and really liked the idea of writing my own book. I was reading books from authors like Sylvia Plath and Patti Smith and getting a lot of inspiration from them.

From reading I got a lot of motive to start writing my own books. I just didn't know what to write about because there were so many different things I was interested in.

I realized that writing a book was a lot of work and I wasn't really ready to jump into all that, so I thought about where else I could write. Journalism came to my mind right away. I had a subscription to Vogue and would read it all the time when I got a new issue.

Reading Vogue Magazine was the perfect way for me to see the style of writing they were putting into their issues as well as what types topics they were writing about 

I figured out then that that was what I wanted to do. I want to write articles not a book about things that I am interested in. I would love to do pieces on fashion, home trends, lifestyle articles and maybe even some book reviews. I want to write about so many things that could fall under the category of fashion and all things that I am interested in talking about. 

As of now I really hope to get a job for a magazine or possibly an online blog source. I want to be able to travel around as well as writing for my publisher about new trends and styles that are in. I want to be able to inspire people to try new things through my writing and maybe even have something that is specific to my writing style that readers like. 

The end goal here is to not be tied down to writing about just one topic. I want to have a broad spectrum and be able to write a piece about any new or old trends that are surfacing. 

Institutions & Publications: The San Francisco Examiner and New York Journal

The San Francisco Examiner has been a trusted news source since 1863. The story of this newspaper is actually quite interesting. It all started after Abraham Lincoln was assassinated. The Examiner used to be a democratic paper that was pro slavery and anti-Lincoln.  The newspaper offices were destroyed by a pro Lincoln mob after his death.

After this destruction, the newspaper was changed to The Daily Examiner in 1865. It switched to a very republican view with no slavery ties and got rid of the anti- Lincoln ideologies. The paper included worldwide news as well as local and used sensational titles to draw people into the stories. The Examiner became an afternoon paper when they made a deal with The Chronicle, who published the morning paper. The Examiner has won two Pulitzer Prizes in its time and has grown to have an audience of around 500,000 daily readers.

The paper was owned by William Randolph Hearst (1863-1951)who was a big time businessman and today is known for his lead role in yellow journalism. Hearst was born in 1863 and had always dreamed of making it big in the newspaper industry. His father, George Hearst, was the owner of the San Francisco Examiner prior to William and he was able to convince his father to let him take it over.

By the age of 24 he was able to turn the struggling newspaper around. He was able to hire famous writers such as Mark Twain and Jack London to write columns for the paper. 

Within three years Hearst was able to gain a profit from the paper and was cranking out around 55,000 papers daily. The Examiner still exists to this day and they continue to publish daily papers in print and online. 

Hearst died on August 14, 1951. The Hearst Cooperation held onto the Examiner until 2004 in which they sold it to the Fang Family. Since then it has been sold a couple more times and is now owned by  Clint Reilly Communications.

The New York Journal was Hearst's other newspaper that he owned. He used this Paper to continuously compete with New York World. The New York World was his inspiration to buy the San Francisco Examiner so he was thrilled to finally be on the same level.He bought this Paper in 1895 and would use this paper to compete with New York World in hopes to be the most read paper throughout the city.

 He used exaggerated titles, colorful cartoons, and sensationalistic and bias stories filled with lies that made people want to keep buying and reading the paper. This was the first example of yellow journalism; journalism that is based upon sensationalism and crude exaggeration. 

We see which became a style of reporting because of Hearst and his tactics. Each paper would keep creating more exaggerated headlines that they weren't even telling a true story anymore, just doing anything they could do get people to read their paper.

He copied the cartoon of the yellow boy that was in the New York World and even hired the same artist to do the job. This cartoon became known as "the yellow kid" and became the staples of yellow journalism. Hearst was really interested in the Spanish-American war and would constantly put out articles bullying the government to declare war. When the government ignored these stories, Hearst would get even more rude and persuasive to get them involved. 

https://www.sfexaminer.com/site/about.html

https://www.pbs.org/crucible/journalism.html

https://spartacus-educational.com/USAnyjournal.htm

https://www.history.com/topics/early-20th-century-us/william-randolph-hearst